Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 33. Word class: adjective. Used both as plural 'all' (translated as Spanish 'todos' in the textual examples) and as singular 'all' (translated as Spanish 'todo'). Distinct from has tɨpwˈes 'all, entire' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 6].
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Tol:ʔɨpʰˈɨ1
There is no entry for 'ashes' in [Dennis & Dennis 1983]. However, the word is attested in one textual example in the dictionary [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 31] and in the Tol translation of the New Testament [NT Tol 2010] (Matthew 11:21, Luke 10:13, Hebrews 9:13, 2 Peter 2:6).
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Tol:lotˈotʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 14. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Tol:ŋ=kol1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 18. Glossed as 'stomach' (Spanish 'estómago'). Word class: possessed noun. Textual examples: cʰikʰ li piyˈu kol βyˈaha mpes 'el niño está llorando porque le duele el estómago / the baby is crying because his stomach aches' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 13]; cʼol te way, kol pʰe way ʔin 'el pizote es negro con abdomen blanco / coati is black with a white belly' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 47]. There are no entries such as 'abdómen', 'barriga' or 'vientre' in the Spanish-Tol part of the dictionary.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Tol:pɨnˈe1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 30. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be big'. Suppletive plural: noy-pˈan [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 26].
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Tol:cipyˈaya1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 43. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Tol:
Not attested properly. The dictionary has only nyˈɨhɨ 'pica (como avispa, hormiga) / bites (as wasp, ant)' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: 27].
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Tol:te1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 38-39. Polysemy: 'black / dirty'. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb 'to be black / to be dirty'.
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Tol:na=ʔˈas1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Word class: possessed noun. Cf. ʔas 'raw' (adjective / stative verb) [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 53].
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Tol:n=kʰˈele1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 17. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Tol:na=hˈas sˈuna1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Glossed in Spanish as 'pecho'. Word class: possessed noun. See notes on 'heart'. Distinct from n=cocʼ 'female breast' (Spanish 'seno') [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 39].
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Tol:ʔyɨm1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 56. Polysemy: 'burn (tr.) / make tortillas / roast'. Word class: transitive verb (I).
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Tol:m=pepʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 15. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Tol:mol1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 21. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Tol:cʰohˈose1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 44-45. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be cold'. Apparently related to cʰohˈoka 'shadow' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 44].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Tol:kuwˈi-s1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 3. Word class: intransitive verb (II). This verb has a high degree of allomorphy and suppletivism: pres. 1 sg. kuwˈi-s, pres. 2 sg. kuy, pres. 3 sg. hakʼ, pres. 1 pl. kil-ˈaka, pres. 2 pl. kul-ˈa, pres. 3 pl. hi=kˈil, fut. 1 sg. ka ŋ=kuwˈi-s, fut. 2 sg., 3 sg. ka ŋ=kuwˈi-m, fut. 1 pl. ka ŋ=kul-ˈaka, fut. 2 pl. ka ŋ=kul-ˈa, fut. 3 pl. ka ŋ=kul. Morphological segmentation of the forms above is rather tentative.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Tol:ni pɨʔˈi1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 26. Word class: causative verb (I) (sic! see below). This verb has separate stems in sigular and plural: pres. 1 sg. ni pɨʔˈi, pres. 2 sg. ʔi pɨʔˈi, pres. 3 sg. pˈeʔe, pres. 1 pl. k[y]aʔle-kˈekʰ, pres. 2 pl. koʔli-kˈe, pres. 3 pl. k[y]aʔlˈi-ŋ. According to [Dennis & Dennis 1983], the following verbs belong to the so-called "causative" class: 'to die', 'to fall', 'to hiccup', 'to wake up' etc. These verbs all denote involuntary actions and have nothing in common with what is usually called causatives.
NUMBER:18
WORD:dog
Tol:cʰiyˈo1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 44. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Tol:mɨʔˈɨ-s1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 22. Word class: transitive verb (II).
NUMBER:20
WORD:dry
Tol:pʰa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 32. Polysemy: 'empty / dry'. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be empty / to be dry'. Secondary synonym: cʼˈicʼe 'dry' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 46-47]. The difference between the two words is explained in the Spanish-Tol part of the dictionary: pʰa can refer, e.g., to clothes, earth, places that formerly had water; cʼˈicʼe - is only applied to vegetation [Dennis & Dennis 1983: ET 39].
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Tol:m=pʰacʼ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 15. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:22
WORD:earth
Tol:ʔamˈa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 52. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Tol:l[y]a1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 15. Word class: transitive verb (I). The verb has two stems: =la- and =lah- (cf. pres. 3 sg. l[y]ˈah-a). Secondary synonym: hi=pˈis 'to eat (meat, candy, juicy fruit)' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 7].
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Tol:pehˈey1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 28. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Tol:na=n1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Word class: possessed noun. Paradigm of the possessed forms: 1 sg. possessor na=n, 2 sg. possessor hi=n, 3 sg. possessor hu=n, 1 pl. possessor kʰis hu=n, 2 pl. possessor his hu=n, 3 pl. possessor his hu=n.
NUMBER:26
WORD:fat n.
Tol:pan1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 28. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:27
WORD:feather
Tol:pʰɨsˈɨs1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 33. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:28
WORD:fire
Tol:ʔˈawa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 53. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:29
WORD:fish
Tol:kʰul1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 4. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Tol:hum #1
There is no entry for the verb 'to fly' in [Dennis & Dennis 1983]. Nevertheless, there are several textual examples showing that the notion 'to fly' is rendered by the verbs hum 'to go (ir)' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 7-8] and winˈis 'to walk (andar)' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 50]: cipyˈaya ma hˈama, pom la tʰiʔyˈula 'el pájaro no puede volar porque se quebró el ala / the bird can't fly, because its wing is broken' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 18] (hˈama - pres. 3 sg. of hum); cipyˈaya hil la mˈena ntʼa 'los pájaros vuelan en el cielo / birds fly in the sky' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 10] (hil - pres. 3 pl. of hum); mu pˈɨste wˈina hupʰ 'el buho vuela por la noche / the eagle-owl flies at night' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 21] (wˈina - pres. 3 sg. of winˈis); cʼulucʼˈul pˈɨste lyawˈuŋ 'los murciélagos vuelan por la noche / bats fly at night' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 47] (lyawˈuŋ - pres. 3 pl. of winˈis). We tentatively choose the verb hum 'to go' as more "basic".
NUMBER:31
WORD:foot
Tol:n=cʰam1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 17. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Tol:pitʼ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 29. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be full'.
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Tol:ʔya1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 55. Word class: transitive verb (I).
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Tol:ʔɨsˈɨs #1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 55. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be good' and as an adverb: 'well'. Another candidate is ʔɨkʰ 'to be good' (stative verb) / 'well' (adverb) [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 55]. In the textual examples, ʔɨsˈɨs is found more frequently than ʔɨkʰ.
NUMBER:35
WORD:green
Tol:cʰu1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 45. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be green'.
NUMBER:36
WORD:hair
Tol:n=cʼil1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 17. Word class: possessed noun. Same word as 'root' q.v.
NUMBER:37
WORD:hand
Tol:na=mˈas1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:38
WORD:head
Tol:n=ay pʰɨkʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Word class: possessed noun. Paradigm of the possessed forms: 1 sg. possessor n=ay pʰɨkʰ, 2 sg. possessor hey pʰɨkʰ, 3 sg. possessor hay pʰɨkʰ, 1 pl. possessor kʰis k=ay pʰɨkʰ, 2 pl. possessor s=ey pʰɨkʰ, 3 pl. possessor s=ey pʰɨkʰ. The word is obviously a compound, but the meanings of its components cannot be established.
NUMBER:39
WORD:hear
Tol:pʰok-ˈas1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 33. Polysemy: 'hear / understand'. Word class: transitive verb (II). The underlying form of the root is =pʰak-.
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Tol:na=hˈas1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Tol:cʰ[ɨ̯]ˈeme1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 18. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:42
WORD:I
Tol:napʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 59-62. Subject form. Direct object forms (the choice between them depends on the particular verb): napʰ, nin, ŋkapʰ, nus, ne. Indirect object form: ne.
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Tol:ʔ[y]ɨnˈan1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 56. Word class: transitive verb (I). The verb has two stems: =ʔɨnan- and =ʔɨn-. Pres. 1 sg. ʔ[y]ɨnˈan, pres. 2 sg. ʔ[y]ɨnˈan, pres. 3 sg. ʔ[y]ˈɨʔn-a, pres. 1 pl. ʔ[y]ɨn-ˈakʰ, pres. 2 pl. ʔɨn-ˈa, pres. 3 pl. ha=ʔɨnˈan, fut. 1 sg. ka mɨ=ʔɨnˈan, fut. 2 sg. ka mɨ=ʔɨn-ˈan, fut. 3 sg. ka mɨ=ʔɨn-ˈas, fut. 1 pl. ka mɨ=ʔɨn-ˈakʰ, fut. 2 pl. ka mɨ=ʔɨn-ˈa, fut. 3 pl. ka mɨ=ʔɨn-ˈakʰ.
NUMBER:44
WORD:knee
Tol:n=tikʼ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 17. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Tol:selˈe1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 36. Word class: transitive verb (I).
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Tol:lo1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 14. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Tol:pɨʔ-ˈɨs1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 31. Polysemy: 'lie (down) / live'. Word class: intransitive verb (II). The word means both 'to lie down' and 'to be in a lying position'. This verb has separate stems in sigular and plural: pres. 1 sg. pɨʔ-ˈɨs, pres. 2 sg. pɨtʼ, pres 3 sg. pˈɨʔ-ɨ, pres. 1 pl. p[y]atʰa-kˈekʰ, pres. 2 pl. potʰa-kˈe, pres. 3 pl. pˈatʰa, fut. 1 sg. ka m=pɨʔ-ˈɨs, fut. 2 sg. ka m=pɨʔ-ˈɨm, fut. 3 sg. ka m=pɨʔ-ˈɨm, fut. 1 pl. ka m=patʰa-kˈekʰ, fut. 2 pl. ka m=patʰa-kˈe, fut. 3 pl. ka m=patʰˈa-m.
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Tol:ŋ=kom1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 18. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:49
WORD:long
Tol:kˈampa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 1. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be long' and as an adverb: 'far' q.v.
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Tol:tɨtʼ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 40. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Tol:yom1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 51. Word class: noun. Plural form: niyˈom (see, e.g., [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 9]). This word, glossed as 'hombre' in Spanish, apparently means both 'man' and 'person'. For the meaning 'man', cf. the following contexts from the Tol translation of the New Testament [NT Tol 2010]: 'Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male (niyˈom) and female (nekˈem)' [Matthew 19:4], '...they were baptized, both men (niyˈom) and women (nekˈem)' [Acts 8:12], '...that if he found any of this way, whether they were men (niyˈom) or women (nekˈem), he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem' [Acts 9:2].
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Tol:pɨlˈɨkʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 30. Word class: adjective.
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Tol:pis1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 29. Word class: noun. Related to hi=pˈis 'to eat (meat, candy, juicy fruit)' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 7].
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Tol:mɨmˈɨy1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 22. Polysemy: 'moon / female'. Word class: noun. With possessive affixes this word means 'grandmother': na=mɨmˈɨy 'my grandmother' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 18].
NUMBER:55
WORD:mountain
Tol:hokʼ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 7. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:56
WORD:mouth
Tol:n=lˈala1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 17. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:57
WORD:name
Tol:n=la1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 26. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:58
WORD:neck
Tol:ne=mˈen1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16-17. Word class: possessed noun. Cf. nu=ʔulupʼˈah 'neck (upper part)' (possessed noun) [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 18].
NUMBER:59
WORD:new
Tol:syˈasa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 38. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be new'.
NUMBER:60
WORD:night
Tol:pˈɨste1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 30. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:61
WORD:nose
Tol:ne=mˈikʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 17. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Tol:ma1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 19. Word class: adverb. This is the basic negation used with a verb. The use of the other negative word, tulˈukʰ 'not' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 39], can be illustrated by the following examples: nan tulˈukʰ 'No me sirven los ojos / My eyes fail me' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16], sapˈato tulˈukʰ 'no tiene zapatos / he doesn't have shoes' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 27], natʰˈam tulˈukʰ 'el no es mi hijo / he is not my son' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 39].
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Tol:pʰanˈi1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 32. Polysemy: 'one / some (algunos, pocos, unos)'. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as an indefinite pronoun: 'some (algunos, pocos, unos)'.
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Tol:yom1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 51. Word class: noun. Plural form: niyˈom (see, e.g., [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 9]). This word, glossed as 'hombre' in Spanish, apparently means both 'man' and 'person'. For the meaning 'person', cf. the following context from the Tol translation of the New Testament [NT Tol 2010]: 'How much then is a man (yom) better than a sheep?' [Matthew 12:12].
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Tol:hɨwˈɨ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 9. Word class: noun. Related to the verb hˈiβe 'to rain' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 7].
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Tol:he1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 6. Word class: adjective.
NUMBER:67
WORD:road
Tol:hɨmˈɨkʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 8. Polysemy: 'path / road'. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:68
WORD:root
Tol:cʼ[ɨ̯]il1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 48. Word class: noun. Same word as 'hair', but with the 3 person sg. possessor infix.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round
Tol:
Not attested.
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Tol:sus1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 38. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Tol:βelˈe1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 49. Word class: intransitive verb (I). Numerous examples in the Tol translation of the New Testament [NT Tol 2010] show that this word, glossed in Spanish as 'hablar', means both 'say' and 'talk'.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Tol:n[y]ukʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 27. Word class: transitive verb (I).
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Tol:setˈel1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 36. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Tol:ʔo-s1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 53-54. Word class: intransitive verb (II). This verb has a high degree of allomorphy and suppletivism: pres. 1 sg. ʔo-s, pres. 2 sg. hakʼ, pres. 3 sg. haʔˈas-a, pres. 1 pl. hyatʰa-kˈekʰ, pres. 2 pl. hotʰa-kˈe, pres. 3 pl. hˈatʰa, fut. 1 sg. ka mo=ʔˈo-s, fut. 2 sg. ka ma=ʔah-ˈam, fut. 3 sg. ka ma=ʔah-ˈam, fut. 1 pl. ka ma=hatʰa-kˈekʰ, fut. 2 pl. ka ma=hatʰa-kˈe, fut. 3 pl. ka ma=hatʰˈu-m (morphological segmentation of the forms above is highly tentative). Glossed as 'to sit down', but this word apparently means 'to sit, to be sitting' as well, cf. the following example: Cʰohˈoka ntʼa ʔos, cʰay ʔyˈawa mpes 'estoy sentado en la sombra porque hace mucho calor / I'm sitting in the shade because it's very hot' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 44].
NUMBER:75
WORD:skin
Tol:m=pʼɨy1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Polysemy: 'skin / body'. Word class: possessed noun. Secondary synonym: pʰolˈokʼ 'skin' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 33]. The difference between the synonyms can be illustrated by the following examples: 'me pica mucho la piel / my skin (mpʼɨy) itches badly' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16], 'el cose una bolsa de piel de perico ligero / he sews a bag out of sloth skin (pʰolˈokʼ)' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 33], 'la piel del armadillo es como hueso. / armadillo skin (pʰolˈokʼ) is like bone' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 52], 'yo hago sandalias con cuero de vaca / I make sandals from cow leather (pʰolˈokʼ)' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 2].
NUMBER:76
WORD:sleep
Tol:h[y]a1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 9. Word class: intransitive verb (I).
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Tol:cʰikʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 44. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be small', an adverb: 'little', and the noun 'child'. Secondary synonym: ʔin laʔ way 'small, little' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 53]. Textual examples in the dictionary show that cʰikʰ is the main synonym for 'small'.
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Tol:mus1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 22. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Tol:hɨ-s1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 8-9. Word class: intransitive verb (II). The verb has a high degree of allomorphy and suppletivism: pres. 1 sg. hɨ-s, pres. 2 sg. toŋ, pres. 3 sg. tˈoŋk-a, pres. 1 pl. lihi-kˈekʰ, pres. 2 pl. lɨhɨ-kˈe, pres. 3 pl. lehˈe-ŋ, fut. 1 sg. ka mɨ=hˈɨ-s, fut. 2 sg. ka n=toh-ˈom, fut. 3 sg. ka n=toh-ˈom, fut. 1 pl. ka n=lɨhɨ-kˈekʰ, fut. 2 pl. ka n=lɨhɨ-kˈe, fut. 3 pl. ka n=lɨhˈɨ-ŋ.
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Tol:pʰul1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 33. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:81
WORD:stone
Tol:pe1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 28. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:82
WORD:sun
Tol:locʼˈakʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 14. Word class: noun. Secondary synonym: kokˈoy 'sun / male' (when used with possessive prefixes, this word means 'grandfather') [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 2, 19]. The dictionary [Dennis & Dennis 1983] does not give enough contexts to decide which word is the main synonym for 'sun', but the Tol version of the New Testament [NT Tol 2010] translates 'sun' only as locʼˈakʼ (NB: consistent spelling with a final glottalized stop, as opposed to a final aspirated stop in [Dennis & Dennis 1983]).
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Tol:
Not attested.
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Tol:sokʼ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 18. Word class: possessed noun. sokʼ is the form with the 3 sg. possessor. The underlying form of the root may be either =sakʼ or =sokʼ.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Tol:nenˈem #1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 24. The dictionary lists two demonstrative pronouns glossed in Spanish as 'aquél, éste': nenˈem and nˈempe [ibid.]. The difference between them is unclear. The choice of nenˈem is therefore arbitrary.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Tol:ninˈa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 25. Word class: demonstrative pronoun. Glossed in Spanish as 'éste, ésta'.
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Tol:hipʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 59-62. Subject form. Direct object forms (the choice between them depends on the particular verb): hipʰ, hin, kyapʰ, his, ʔe. Indirect object form: ʔe.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Tol:m=pelˈam1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 15. Word class: possessed noun.
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Tol:m=βis1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 16. Glossed as 'tooth / molar'. Word class: possessed noun. Variant form: ne=wˈis [Dennis & Dennis 1983: ET 28].
NUMBER:90
WORD:tree
Tol:yo1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 51. Polysemy: 'tree / log / branch'. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Tol:mˈa-tʼe1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 20. Word class: adjective.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Tol:hum1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: 7-8. Glossed as 'go'. Word class: intransitive verb (II). The verb has a high degree of allomorphy and suppletivism: pres. 1 sg. hum, pres. 2 sg. hay, pres. 3 sg. hˈama, pres. 1 pl. lˈeke, pres. 2 pl. lˈowa, pres. 3 pl. hil, fut. 1 sg. ka m=i-s, fut. 2 sg. ka m=i-m, fut. 3 sg. ka m=i-m, fut. 1 pl. ka n=lˈaka, fut. 2 pl. ka n=lawˈu, fut. 3 pl. ka m=al.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Tol:ʔ[y]ˈawa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 56. Glossed as 'hot'. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be hot'. There is no word for 'warm' in the dictionary. ʔ[y]ˈawa 'hot' is derived from ʔˈawa 'fire' q.v.
NUMBER:94
WORD:water
Tol:ʔɨsˈɨ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 55. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:95
WORD:we
Tol:kupʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 59-62. Subject form. Direct object forms (the choice between them depends on the particular verb): kupʰ, kʰisˈin, kʰis kapʰ, kus, kʰesˈe. Indirect object form: kʰesˈe.
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Tol:cʰan #1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 43. Word class: interrogative pronoun. The word can also function as an interrogative adjective: 'what?, which?'. Another candidate is ʔoyn 'what' (interrogative pronoun) [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 54]. The semantic difference between cʰan and ʔoyn is unclear. They can occur in identical contexts (cf. the following examples from the Tol translation of the New Testament [NT Tol 2010]: cʰan hˈele hipʰ? 'what thinkest thou?' [Matthew 22:17] and ʔoyn hˈele jipʰ? 'What thinkest thou, Simon?' [Matthew 17:25]). Since cʰan is more frequent in the text of the New Testament, we provisionally choose it as the main word for 'what?'.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Tol:pʰe1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 32. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be white'.
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Tol:pʰakʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 32. Word class: interrogative pronoun.
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Tol:kepʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 35. Word class: noun. Plural form: nekˈem.
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Tol:lu1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 14. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be yellow / to be dirty, muddy (of water)'.
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Tol:kˈampa1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 1. Word class: adverb. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be long' and as an adjective: 'long' q.v.
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Tol:tɨ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 39. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb: 'to be heavy'.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Tol:
Not attested.
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Tol:sal1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 35. Word class: noun. A Spanish loanword.
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Tol:ʔumˈul1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 54. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb 'to be short'.
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Tol:lacʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 11. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Tol:cʰacʰ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 44. Word class: adjective. The word can also function as a stative verb 'to be thin'.
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Tol:lɨpʰˈɨ1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 15. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Tol:pelecʼˈey1
Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE 28. Polysemy: 'earthworm (Spanish lombriz) / helminth'. Word class: noun. Cf. also cʼihˈiy, glossed in Spanish as 'gusano' [Dennis & Dennis 1983: TE]. It is not entirely clear whether the latter word has the meaning 'worm', 'caterpillar', or both.
NUMBER:110
WORD:year
Tol:ˈaɲo1
The word for 'year' is not attested in [Dennis & Dennis 1983]. The Tol translation of the New Testament [NT Tol 2010] consistently renders the notion 'year' with the Spanish loanword año.
